{"id":1563,"date":"2025-05-09T02:39:08","date_gmt":"2025-05-09T02:39:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nbaem.com\/?p=1563"},"modified":"2025-05-09T02:39:08","modified_gmt":"2025-05-09T02:39:08","slug":"what-are-magnets-made-of","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nbaem.com\/cs\/what-are-magnets-made-of\/","title":{"rendered":"Rychl\u00fd pr\u016fvodce magnety"},"content":{"rendered":"

Rychl\u00fd pr\u016fvodce magnety<\/h1>\n

Magnety jsou v\u0161ude \u2013 od dve\u0159\u00ed od ledni\u010dky po v\u011btrn\u00e9 turb\u00edny \u2013 ale z \u010deho vlastn\u011b jsou vyrobeny a pro\u010d se n\u011bkter\u00e1 kovov\u00e1 materi\u00e1ly p\u0159itahuj\u00ed, zat\u00edmco jin\u00e1 ne?<\/p>\n

Magnety jsou vyrobeny z materi\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017eou vytv\u00e1\u0159et magnetick\u00e9 pole, obvykle z kov\u016f jako \u017eelezo, nikl nebo kobalt, nebo slitiny obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed tyto prvky. P\u0159itahuj\u00ed pouze specifick\u00e9 typy kov\u016f.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Magnet

Magnet p\u0159itahuj\u00edc\u00ed kov<\/p><\/div>\n

Pokud jste n\u011bkdy p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161leli, pro\u010d se sponka na pap\u00edr p\u0159ichyt\u00ed k magnetu, zat\u00edmco zlat\u00fd prsten ne, tento pr\u016fvodce v\u00e1m to v\u0161echno vysv\u011btl\u00ed. Pracoval jsem s magnety p\u0159es 15 let a uk\u00e1\u017eu v\u00e1m, co d\u011bl\u00e1 kov magnetick\u00fdm a jak ho snadno identifikovat.<\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

Z \u010deho je vyroben\u00fd p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed magnet?<\/h2>\n

Magnety nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt nutn\u011b um\u011ble vyroben\u00e9 \u2013 n\u011bkter\u00e9 se vyskytuj\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u011b. Ale \u010d\u00edm jsou zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed?<\/p>\n

P\u0159irozen\u00e9 magnety jsou vyrobeny z magnetitu, druhu miner\u00e1lu oxidu \u017eeleza. Vyskytuje se p\u0159irozen\u011b a m\u00e1 magnetick\u00e9 vlastnosti d\u00edky uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch \u017eelezn\u00fdch atom\u016f.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"P\u0159irozen\u00fd

P\u0159irozen\u00fd magnet<\/p><\/div>\n

<\/h3>\n

Co je magnetit a pro\u010d je magnetick\u00fd?<\/h3>\n

Magnetit (Fe\u2083O\u2084) je nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u011b se vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed magnetick\u00fd materi\u00e1l. Vznik\u00e1 v magmatick\u00fdch a metamorfovan\u00fdch hornin\u00e1ch a byl pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n po stalet\u00ed, dokonce i starov\u011bk\u00fdmi navig\u00e1tory ve form\u011b lodostoun\u016f.<\/p>\n

Magnetit je magnetick\u00fd d\u00edky sv\u00e9 jedine\u010dn\u00e9 krystalov\u00e9 struktu\u0159e. Obsahuje jak Fe\u00b2\u207a, tak Fe\u00b3\u207a ionty. Nezpe\u010den\u00e9 elektrony v t\u011bchto \u017eelezn\u00fdch iontech se uspo\u0159\u00e1daj\u00ed tak, \u017ee vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed spont\u00e1nn\u00ed magnetick\u00e9 pole.<\/p>\n

Ne v\u0161echny horniny obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed \u017eelezo jsou v\u0161ak magnetick\u00e9. Struktura krystal\u016f a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed atom\u016f jsou stejn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 jako samotn\u00e9 prvky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Material<\/th>\nMagnetick\u00e9?<\/th>\nP\u0159irozen\u00e9?<\/th>\nPozn\u00e1mky<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Magnetit<\/td>\nAno<\/td>\nAno<\/td>\nP\u0159irozen\u011b magnetick\u00fd oxid \u017eeleza<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hematit<\/td>\nNo<\/td>\nAno<\/td>\nObsahuje \u017eelezo, ale nen\u00ed magnetick\u00fd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u017delezo (kov)<\/td>\nAno<\/td>\nNo<\/td>\nSt\u00e1v\u00e1 se magnetick\u00fdm p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Porozum\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00fdm magnet\u016fm n\u00e1m pom\u00e1h\u00e1 ocenit, jak jsou navr\u017eeny pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 magnety, aby napodobovaly a vylep\u0161ovaly tyto p\u0159irozen\u00e9 vlastnosti.<\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

Jak\u00e9 jsou slo\u017eky magnetu?<\/h2>\n

Ne v\u0161echny magnety jsou stejn\u00e9. Co se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v typick\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9m magnetu?<\/p>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina magnet\u016f je vyrobena z feromagnetick\u00fdch kov\u016f, jako je \u017eelezo, nikl a kobalt, nebo z vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin, jako je neodym nebo samarium. V\u00fdb\u011br materi\u00e1l\u016f z\u00e1vis\u00ed na pou\u017eit\u00ed magnetu.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch typ\u016f a materi\u00e1l\u016f magnet\u016f<\/h3>\n

Existuje mnoho typ\u016f magnet\u016f, ka\u017ed\u00fd s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi \u201eslo\u017ekami\u201c nebo z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi materi\u00e1ly. N\u00ed\u017ee jsou nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Typ magnetu<\/th>\nKl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly<\/th>\nS\u00edla<\/th>\nOdolnost v\u016f\u010di teplot\u00e1m<\/th>\nCena<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Neodym (NdFeB)<\/span><\/a><\/td>\nNeodym, \u017eelezo, bor<\/td>\nVelmi siln\u00fd<\/td>\nM\u00edrn\u00e1<\/td>\nVysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Samarium Kobalt <\/a><\/span><\/td>\nSamarium, kobalt<\/td>\nSiln\u00e9<\/td>\nVelmi vysok\u00e1<\/td>\nVelmi vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Alnico <\/a><\/span><\/td>\nHlin\u00edk, nikl, kobalt<\/td>\nM\u00edrn\u00e1<\/td>\nVysok\u00e1<\/td>\nSt\u0159edn\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ferrit (keramick\u00fd)<\/a><\/span><\/td>\nOxid \u017eeleza, baryum\/stroncium<\/td>\nN\u00edzk\u00e1 a\u017e st\u0159edn\u00ed<\/td>\nVysok\u00e1<\/td>\nN\u00edzk\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Pracoval jsem se v\u0161emi t\u011bmito typy. Neodymov\u00e9 magnety jsou nejv\u00edce pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 d\u00edky sv\u00e9 s\u00edle, zejm\u00e9na v mal\u00fdch velikostech. Ale pokud v\u00e1\u0161 projekt vy\u017eaduje odolnost v\u016f\u010di teplu \u2014 nap\u0159\u00edklad v automobilov\u00e9m nebo leteck\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu \u2014 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt lep\u0161\u00ed volbou samarium kobalt.<\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00e1 slo\u017eka je pe\u010dliv\u011b vyb\u00edr\u00e1na a zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1na tak, aby b\u011bhem v\u00fdroby do\u0161lo k zarovn\u00e1n\u00ed magnetick\u00fdch dom\u00e9n. Bez tohoto kroku by ani \u017eelezo nefungovalo jako magnet.<\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n

Porozum\u011bn\u00ed tomu, co d\u011bl\u00e1 magnety magnetick\u00fdmi, v\u00e1m pom\u016f\u017ee vybrat spr\u00e1vn\u00fd materi\u00e1l pro va\u0161i aplikaci, a\u0165 u\u017e je to motor, senzor nebo n\u011bco jednoduch\u00e9ho jako magnet na lednici.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rychl\u00fd pr\u016fvodce magnety Magnetky jsou v\u0161ude \u2013 od dve\u0159\u00ed ledni\u010dky po v\u011btrn\u00e9 turb\u00edny \u2013 ale z \u010deho jsou vlastn\u011b vyrobeny a pro\u010d se n\u011bkter\u00e1 kovov\u00e1 materi\u00e1ly p\u0159ichyt\u00ed a jin\u00e1 ne? Magnetky jsou vyrobeny z materi\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017eou vytv\u00e1\u0159et magnetick\u00e9 pole, obvykle z kov\u016f jako \u017eelezo, nikl nebo kobalt, nebo slitiny, kter\u00e9 obsahuj\u00ed [\u2026]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1565,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1563","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/nbaem.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Magnets-attracting-metal.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nbaem.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1563","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nbaem.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nbaem.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nbaem.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nbaem.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1563"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/nbaem.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1563\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1569,"href":"https:\/\/nbaem.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1563\/revisions\/1569"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nbaem.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1565"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nbaem.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1563"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nbaem.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1563"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nbaem.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1563"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}